PSYCHO-SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
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- Recommended for : Student Researchers
- NGN 3000
Background to the Study
Tobacco is one of the most important public health problems worldwide. Particularly, in developing countries it has been reported that among all risk factors, smoking is the fourth leading cause of diseases, (Nwosu, 2013). The use of tobacco and its product have gradually increased in the developing countries because of its legal use and easy access (Becker, 2014). Smoking among adolescents is one of the main concerns for public health system. Despite, a fall in the amount of smoking in recent years, the National Demographic Health Survey (NDHS), (2014), estimated 1.3 billion smokers worldwide and it is estimated that this number will reach 1.7 billion by the year 2025, if no intervention is performed. Half of the individuals, who begin smoking and keep it up on a regular basis, die as a result of smoking. According to the data released by world Health Organization (WHO) (2012), it has been estimated that 10 million people (70%) in developing countries, will die due to smoking in the year 2020 if the necessary precautions are not taken. Also, a person especially young person losing their life because of cigarette smoking related health problems every second. It has been reported that there is an increase of smoking, especially among young adults, women and adolescents in developing countries. Approximately, 70% of smokers want to stop smoking. However, few succeed, and, of those that do, most require five to seven attempts before definitively dropping the habit. Nicotine dependence is a complex disorder and is difficult to overcome. Motivation to kick the habit is one of the most important factors in smoking cessation and is 2 interrelated to a variety of hereditary, physiological, environmental, and psychological variables. A significant number of senior secondary school students are pulling themselves and others at risk for serious health consequences because of cigarette smoking, and the magnitude of these consequences is enormous. Smoking is the number one preventable illness behaviour in the nation, resulting in more deaths each year than AIDS, Alcohol, cocaine, heroine, homicide, suicide, motor vehicle crashes and fire combined (USDHHS, 2010). Smoking has a linked to lung, kidney, bladder, laryngeal, oral, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and stroke in both male and female (Samet, 2011). Female smokers have an increase risk of infertility, delayed conception, ectopic pregnancy, and spontaneous abortions when compared with non-smokers. In addition to motivation, the smoker will have to confront a few factors amongst which are: the intensity of the withdrawal syndrome is one of the principal contributing causes for maintaining the habit. The symptoms vary in intensity among people, and generally start within hours after the interruption, increasing in the first twelve hours and peaking on the third day. Discomfort increase at early night, and the most significant complaints refer to increase compulsivity, irritability, anxiety, difficult in concentrating, agitation, and a sensation of sleeplessness or dullness, as well as hostility reactions. Penderson, (2010), described Psycho-social influence as how we see, live and experiences in regard to cigarette smoking. However, children that grow up in families with violence, negative behaviours, sexual, anger dietary deprivation, drug abuse, parental problems, and physical or emotional abuse are more likely to have problems to 3 deal with life. There are also other parts of the external factors, like the environment you live in, things like constant stress and pressure can cause big problems. If a person lives in a place where they are exposed to drugs, crime, violent acts, cigarette smoking, it tend to influence on their lifestyle patterns (Annette, 2012). Peer group and parenting influence are predictors of smoking in adolescence. The impact of family background and social environment are mostly considered to influence on students involvement in terms of cigarette smoking. It is obvious that when an individual live in an environment where cigarette smoking is allowed. He/she is liable to imitate such characters. Also, if a family background of a person correlates with cigarette smoking when the parents smoke; he/she will emulate such characters. The impact of smoking cigarette and other tobacco use on the spread of chronic diseases, which account for 75% of African spending on health care which is welldocumented and undeniable (NHDS, 2013). One-half of adult smokers die prematurely from tobacco-related diseases (Haruna, 2014). Despite continuous public enlighten programs to reduce youth smoking and several media stories on the dangers of tobacco use, generation after generation continues to use these lives threatening product and family after the family continues to suffer the devastating consequences. Nearly most cigarette smokers begin in childhood and adolescent stages/period
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